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0% overall complete · ~171 hrs total study time
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Advanced Grammar and Formal Structure
Submodule 1 — Formal Relationship Expressions
によって / に対して / について
Learn three formal relationship markers: によって (by means of / depending on), に対して (towards / in contrast with), について (about / regarding). Practice in formal writing and speech contexts.
一方で / 反面 / ものの — Contrast
Express contrast and opposite outcomes: 一方で (on the other hand), 反面 (on the flip side), ものの (although). Use in opinion essays and formal discussion.
こそ / さえ / すら — Emphasis
Learn emphasis and extreme-example particles: こそ (precisely this), さえ (even), すら (even/as much as). Use in formal argument and essay writing.
かぎり / だけあって — Limitation and Worthy Recognition
Express limits and conditions using かぎり (as long as / only if). Use だけあって for worthy recognition (as expected of). Use in formal professional contexts.
あげく / 末に / 結果 — Final Outcomes
Express final outcomes of long processes: あげく (after all that, negatively), 末に (finally after a long time), 結果 (as a result). Use in narratives and formal reports.
ものだ / ものではない — Inherent Nature and Norms
This lesson covers the grammar patterns ものだ and ものではない, which convey what is naturally expected, typical, or socially normal in Japanese. ものだ asserts an inherent truth or expected behavior, while ものではない negates or rejects such norms. Practice using these forms in various formal and advanced contexts.
つつ / つつある — Simultaneous Action and Ongoing Change
This lesson focuses on the N2 grammar patterns つつ (simultaneous action: 'while doing') and つつある (progressive change: 'in the process of'). You will study their forms, nuances, and typical contexts, and practice distinguishing them from similar structures like ながら or ている.